The above calculations show us what happened to the standard wage levels for the head of the family, from 1770 to 1860. They are not useful to demonstrate what happened to the living costs per family member, because they do not take into account income from other family members, and the wages are calculated per earnerSigue leyendo «16.6. Necessary Corrections»
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16.5. Wages, Expenses, and Real Wages for Agricultural plus Non-Agricultural Occupations
Wages index Expenses index Real Wages All occup All occup All occup 1770 100.0 100.0 100.0 1775 103.0 107.5 95.8 1780 109.3 95.2 114.4 1785 113.8 102.9 110.5 1790 124.0 113.3 109.4 1795 150.3 136.0 110.5 1800 154.3 183.3 84.2 1805 163.9 170.3 96.2 1810 172.5 190.8 90.4 1815 175.5 166.2 105.6 1820 166.2 160.5Sigue leyendo «16.5. Wages, Expenses, and Real Wages for Agricultural plus Non-Agricultural Occupations»
16.4. Movements in Real Wages, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural
The comparisons between the wages indices and the expenses indices give the following results. (In all cases, in the five-yearly data, the figures for 1840 and for 1855 are not representative of the general trend, as exactly these years had abnormal inflation; the recommendation is to mentally draw a straight line from 1835 to 1845,Sigue leyendo «16.4. Movements in Real Wages, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural»
16.3. Expenses Indices, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural
The yearly movements in the total of expenses do not show much difference between agricultural and non-agricultural: The main difference between the indices for agricultural labourers and for non-agricultural workers, were: the agricultural labourer was more affected by the yearly movements in the prices of cereals (upwards and downwards); the non-industrial worker up to theSigue leyendo «16.3. Expenses Indices, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural»
16.2. Living Costs for Non-Agricultural Occupations
The first task is to decide the weights of the different cost elements in the family budgets. Below we have the figures for some families noted in previous sections. Spinners 1806 WoolWeaver1828 Two Spinners1833 Two Spinners1833 Operative 1839 % % % Bread, meal, flour, oatcake 22.3 25.0 17.0 20.1 22.0 Meat, bacon 22.3 7.0Sigue leyendo «16.2. Living Costs for Non-Agricultural Occupations»
16.1. Wages in Non-Agricultural Occupations
We now present the average earnings in shillings in each non-agricultural occupation, following the tables and graphs in previous sections. The earnings per occupation are then weighted by numbers of employees, to give an average for the country in each year. Cotton Labourer Boot Seamst Miners Builders Tailors Woollens shoe Coal 1770 8.0 7.0Sigue leyendo «16.1. Wages in Non-Agricultural Occupations»
Chapter 16. Calculations of Movements in Nominal Wages, Cost of Living, and Real Wages
16.1. Wages in Non-Agricultural Occupations https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-1-wages-in-non-agricultural-occupations/ 16.2. Living Costs for Non-Agricultural Occupations https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-2-living-costs-for-non-agricultural-occupations/ 16.3. Expenses Indices, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-3-expenses-indices-agricultural-and-non-agricultural/ 16.4. Movements in Real Wages, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-4-movements-in-real-wages-agricultural-and-non-agricultural/ 16.5. Wages, Expenses, and Real Wages, for Agricultural plus Non-Agricultural Occupations https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-5-wages-expenses-and-real-wages-for-agricultural-plus-non-agricultural-occupations/ 16.6. Necessary Corrections https://history.pictures/2020/03/24/16-6-necessary-corrections/ To calculate the average increases in earnings for people with continuousSigue leyendo «Chapter 16. Calculations of Movements in Nominal Wages, Cost of Living, and Real Wages»
15.6. Reasons for Extreme Poverty
The Industrial Revolution strictly defined, that is, the use of machines and the factory system, did not cause poverty. In many “modern industries”, the workers were enabled to produce large quantities of articles at low prices, and thus could receive good wages. In many cases, new – metal – tools came into use, which madeSigue leyendo «15.6. Reasons for Extreme Poverty»
15.5. Treatment of Children outside of the Textile Industries
The sector of the population, which suffered most physically in the years of the Industrial Revolution, was that of those children and young persons who did not work inthe textile factories. The point is that, from 1819 onwards, children below the age of nine could not enter into employment in the textile factories; further, the conditionsSigue leyendo «15.5. Treatment of Children outside of the Textile Industries»
15.4. Unemployment and Slumps
Another set of factors in calculating the real incomes of the working class in England in these years, is the prevalence of recessions and slumps, general medium term unemployment, and shore-time working. There is a lot of difference – particularly for the men and women concerned – between a continuous income of 20 shillings aSigue leyendo «15.4. Unemployment and Slumps»
