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The better members of the factory classes and the men working in engineering workshops, as well as clerical staff in the factories, and small tradesmen, went to study in Mechanics’ Institutes in the evening. These gave classes on technical subjects, physics and chemistry; some gave classes of German and French. The concept started in theSigue leyendo «10.3. Mechanics’ Institutes and Reading Activities»

We do know how much money “the people” had saved up. In 1849 in the savings banks there were 1,100,000 depositors from all the United Kingdom with a total amount of 28.5 million pounds. The number of depositors increased from 370,000 in 1830 to 1,100,000 in 1849. With a total population of 18,000,000 and 5Sigue leyendo «10.2. Savings Banks and Benefit Societies»

The Great Exhibition of 1851, in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, was the largest public event of the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom. It showed all the technical, scientific, artistic and cultural progress of the country in a structure of 1850 feet by 450 feet. It was visited by more than 6,000,000 peopleSigue leyendo «10.1. Leisure Expenses»

10.1. Leisure Expenses https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-1-leisure-expenses/ 10.2. Savings Banks and Benefit Societies https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-2-savings-banks-and-benefit-societies/ 10.3. Mechanics’ Institutes and Reading Activities https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-3-mechanics-institutes-and-reading-activities/ 10.4. Drunkenness https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-4-drunkenness/ 10.5. Prostitutes https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-5-prostitutes/ 10.6. Improvements which were not Increases in Monetary Earnings https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-6-improvements-which-were-not-increases-in-monetary-earnings/ 10.7. Efficiency and Price Reductions https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-7-efficiency-and-price-reductions/ 10.8. Truck Shops, Tommy Shops, and Chandler’s Shops https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-8-truck-shops-tommy-shops-and-chandlers-shops/ 10.9. Co-Operative Societies https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-9-co-operative-societies/ The situationSigue leyendo «Chapter 10. Leisure Expenses, Savings and Education, Non-Financial Improvements»

HEIGHTS IN ENGLAND IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.” Sherlock Holmes, A Scandal in Bohemia, Arthur Conan Doyle By far the longest-running difference of opinion about aSigue leyendo «9.6. Heights»

The “culinary culture” of the six Northern counties (Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland) was different from the rest of England, as it used primarily oats; as these were considerably (30 % to 40 %) cheaper than wheat, the labourers were able to consume a larger variety of cereal dishes.  “This species of breadSigue leyendo «9.5. Northern Culinary Culture»

Mr. Jonas Hanway was a philanthropist, active in the second half of the 18thcentury, and also Commissioner for Victualling the Navy from 1762 to 1783. In this second position, he would have been very well informed about the production and consumption of foodstuffs. The food situation in London in 1767 was more than sufficient: “WhatSigue leyendo «9.4. Food in London»

ABSTRACT There are no chronological data for the consumption of different types of food during the Industrial Revolution. Thus it is impossible to quantify the standard of living at given dates, or comment on the possible improvements in the same. This paper reports the consumption of meat in Great Britain on some dates from 1800Sigue leyendo «9.3. Consumption of Meat»

The pattern of consumption of cereals for bread changed from 1800 to 1850. In 1800 wheaten bread was generally eaten in the South and East of England, rye in Yorkshire and the northeast of England, oats in Lancashire, and barley in Wales, the East Midlands, and the southwest of England. But by 1850, practically allSigue leyendo «9.2. Changes in Cereals»

Introduction  A very important group of data for the quantification of the living standards of the population in nineteenth century England and Wales, would be the calculation of the per capita consumption of cereals (in particular, wheat). This, naturally, is derived from the sum of domestic production and imports, divided by the number of theSigue leyendo «9.1. Consumption of Cereals»