Archivo del autor: Peter Van der Heyden. docenciapvdh@outlook.com

10.1. Leisure Expenses https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-1-leisure-expenses/ 10.2. Savings Banks and Benefit Societies https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-2-savings-banks-and-benefit-societies/ 10.3. Mechanics’ Institutes and Reading Activities https://history.pictures/2020/02/12/10-3-mechanics-institutes-and-reading-activities/ 10.4. Drunkenness https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-4-drunkenness/ 10.5. Prostitutes https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-5-prostitutes/ 10.6. Improvements which were not Increases in Monetary Earnings https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-6-improvements-which-were-not-increases-in-monetary-earnings/ 10.7. Efficiency and Price Reductions https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-7-efficiency-and-price-reductions/ 10.8. Truck Shops, Tommy Shops, and Chandler’s Shops https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-8-truck-shops-tommy-shops-and-chandlers-shops/ 10.9. Co-Operative Societies https://history.pictures/2020/02/13/10-9-co-operative-societies/ The situationSigue leyendo «Chapter 10. Leisure Expenses, Savings and Education, Non-Financial Improvements»

HEIGHTS IN ENGLAND IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts.” Sherlock Holmes, A Scandal in Bohemia, Arthur Conan Doyle By far the longest-running difference of opinion about aSigue leyendo «9.6. Heights»

The “culinary culture” of the six Northern counties (Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland) was different from the rest of England, as it used primarily oats; as these were considerably (30 % to 40 %) cheaper than wheat, the labourers were able to consume a larger variety of cereal dishes.  “This species of breadSigue leyendo «9.5. Northern Culinary Culture»

Mr. Jonas Hanway was a philanthropist, active in the second half of the 18thcentury, and also Commissioner for Victualling the Navy from 1762 to 1783. In this second position, he would have been very well informed about the production and consumption of foodstuffs. The food situation in London in 1767 was more than sufficient: “WhatSigue leyendo «9.4. Food in London»

ABSTRACT There are no chronological data for the consumption of different types of food during the Industrial Revolution. Thus it is impossible to quantify the standard of living at given dates, or comment on the possible improvements in the same. This paper reports the consumption of meat in Great Britain on some dates from 1800Sigue leyendo «9.3. Consumption of Meat»

The pattern of consumption of cereals for bread changed from 1800 to 1850. In 1800 wheaten bread was generally eaten in the South and East of England, rye in Yorkshire and the northeast of England, oats in Lancashire, and barley in Wales, the East Midlands, and the southwest of England. But by 1850, practically allSigue leyendo «9.2. Changes in Cereals»

Introduction  A very important group of data for the quantification of the living standards of the population in nineteenth century England and Wales, would be the calculation of the per capita consumption of cereals (in particular, wheat). This, naturally, is derived from the sum of domestic production and imports, divided by the number of theSigue leyendo «9.1. Consumption of Cereals»

Having seen the movements of nominal incomes and of inflation-adjusted incomes, at least in the industrial employments, we can pass to other methods of measurement of living standards. The numbers referring to wages are somewhat suspect since we cannot know if we are adjusting correctly for the cost of living. What we can do, isSigue leyendo «Chapter 9. Non-Income Parameters»

INTRODUCTION   It is / was difficult to formulate a simple description of Manchester in 1844, with reference to its working-class persons. There were large differences between the better-situated workers and the really poor.  As we shall see in the contemporary evidence adduced in this document, a large part of the factory population in theSigue leyendo «Chapter 8. Engels»

According to Henry Wood’s estimations, the number of domestic hand-loom weavers in Great Britain went down from 240,000 in 1830 to 188,000 in 1835, 123,000 in 1840, and to 69,000 in 1845. We have seen from contemporary evidence that the 1830 employment remained the same until 1834, so that the numbers probably reduced rapidly fromSigue leyendo «7. 10. Wages and Employment after 1835»