Archivo del autor: Peter Van der Heyden. docenciapvdh@outlook.com

15.1. The Underclass https://history.pictures/2020/03/21/15-1-the-underclass/ 15.2. «Dickens’ London» https://history.pictures/2020/03/21/15-2-dickens-london/ 15.3. Poverty in the Countryside https://history.pictures/2020/03/23/15-3-poverty-in-the-countryside/ 15.4. Unemployment and Slumps https://history.pictures/2020/03/23/15-4-unemployment-and-slumps/ 15.5. Treatment of Children outside of the Textile Industries https://history.pictures/2020/03/23/15-5-treatment-of-children-outside-of-the-textile-industries/ 15.6. Reasons for Extreme Poverty https://history.pictures/2020/03/23/15-6-reasons-for-extreme-poverty/

Our first question was: “did the persons who changed from rural activities to manufacturing activities have an improvement or a disadvantage in their situation?” This could not be answered by inspecting time series of income for a set of activities (data for answering the second question), as the activities noted were not common to aSigue leyendo «14.15. New Occupations»

A painting of the inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, by A. B. Clayton (1831), “taken on the spot” by the painter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway#/media/File:Opening_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway.jpg The economic effects of the railways on the income of the working population were: personnel on the trains and in the stations; the labourers who excavated the cuttings, excavated theSigue leyendo «14.14. Railways»

(The Gorgon, A Weekly Political Publication, London, 1818; p. 171 and p. 220)

The wages of mechanics in Manchester were maintained steady from 1810 to 1860: fitters in the range from 26 to 30 shillings, iron moulders from 28 to 34 shillings, whitesmiths (brass) from 24 to 27 shillings, boilermakers (starting 1839) from 25 to 30 shillings (Bowley, 1900, sheet facing page 123)

The region of the “Potteries” in North Staffordshire was – and is – composed of the “Six Towns” of Burslem, Hanley, Fenton, Longton, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Tunstall. This industry had a great importance during the second half of the eighteenth century, and the whole of the nineteenth century. The production volume increased from practically zero (salesSigue leyendo «14.11. The Pottery Industry in Staffordshire»

Lacemaking was an important part of the economy of the county of Northampton, basically employing women and children. Northampton lace (“pillow lace”) had a simple design, which allowed it to be copied in Nottingham machines, which explains the migration to Nottingham during the nineteenth century. In 1800, in the whole country, there were about 150,000Sigue leyendo «14.10. Lace Manufacture»

The hosiery industry was concentrated in the counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire (90 % of Great Britain). It was the major occupation in these three counties (in some parts, there were 30 frames per 100 persons), although in the middle third of the nineteenth century a large part migrated to lace making. The familiesSigue leyendo «14.9. Hose (Stocking) Manufacture»

The operations in the silk industry, starting from the imported skeins of silk were: a) throwing (twisting and joining 3 or more silk fibres in one thread of yarn), b) spinning, c) weaving, d) dyeing. The production did not pass through any technological advances, the weaving was manual, in the houses of the weavers (whichSigue leyendo «14.8. Silk Manufacture»

The earnings for 1777 to 1795 were 22s. a week, equivalent to 36 loaves; in 1800, 25s., equivalent to 18 loaves; in 1802, 27s., equivalent to 31 loaves; in 1810, 33s., equivalent to 24 loaves;  and in 1814, 36s., equivalent to 35 loaves.  (The Gorgon, A Weekly Political Publication, London, No. 19, Sept. 26, 1818; Comparative SituationSigue leyendo «14.7. Tailors»