Archivo del autor: Peter Van der Heyden

4.1. Where did these Persons come from? https://history.pictures/2020/01/23/4-1-where-did-these-persons-come-from/ 4.2. How did they Live? https://history.pictures/2020/01/24/4-2-how-did-they-live/ 4.3. How long did they Live? https://history.pictures/2020/01/24/4-3-how-long-did-they-live/ 4.4. What were their Monetary Incomes? https://history.pictures/2020/01/24/4-4-what-were-their-monetary-incomes/ The first point to be investigated is the change that was experienced by the people who moved from life in the countryside or in artisanal activities toSigue leyendo «Chapter 4. How was Life for the People before the Industrial Revolution?»

The most important industry in England in 1780 to 1840, after cotton and wool, was that of Iron, Steel, and Metal Manufacturing. This had about one third of the output volume of the textile industries. Industrial output weights   1780-1787 1801-1831 1831-1850 Textiles (cotton, wool, silk, linen) 44.8 % 37.7 % 30.3 % Manufacturing (iron,Sigue leyendo «3.6. The Metal Industries in the West Midlands»

The woollen industry in the Industrial Revolution had a number of differences against the cotton industry: the commercial and social structure; the lesser strength of the thread, which made it more difficult to work it in fast machines;  the volume of production only increased by a factor of 5x; automation entered later, starting from 1820Sigue leyendo «3.5. The Woollen Industry (Cloth)»

Woollen (or cloth) was manufactured from the short curly hair of the upland sheep, and worsted from the longer hair of lowland sheep. The long hair of woollen had to be carded before spinning to bring all the hairs into line, which was a long process; after weaving, as it was not strong, it had toSigue leyendo «3.4. The Worsted Industry in the West Riding»

The spinners in the cotton mills, who usually had at least one other family member working, had enough income to purchase a good level of food. The earliest budget calculation that we have is from 1806: (“Calculation of the Expense of maintaining a man, his wife, and six children for a year”, “Tax on Labour”, ManchesterSigue leyendo «3.3. Family Budgets»

Monetary system Pounds (£), shillings (s.), pennies or pence (d.)1 Pound = 20 shillings, 1 shilling = 12 pence Wage of farm labourer = 9 to 12 shillings per weekWage of male worker in textile factory = 20 to 30 shillings per week Dry weight measures 1 bushel wheat = 60 lb., 1 quarter = 480 lb. PriceSigue leyendo «3.2. Monetary Income Levels»

(Board of Agriculture / Mr. John Holt, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lancaster, 1794, plate facing title page) The phases in the production of cotton cloth, before industrialization, were:  a)         cleaning;  b)         carding (pulling the threads all in one direction, using brushes in the hand); c)         spinning; d)        weaving; e)         bleaching; f)         dyeing. During the lateSigue leyendo «3.1. The Growth of the Lancashire Cotton Industry»

3.1. The Growth of the Lancashire Cotton Industry https://history.pictures/2020/01/20/3-1-the-growth-of-the-lancashire-cotton-industry/ 3.2. Monetary Income Levels https://history.pictures/2020/01/21/3-2-monetary-income-levels/ 3.3. Family Budgets https://history.pictures/2020/01/22/3-3-family-budgets/ 3.4. The Worsted Industry in the West Riding https://history.pictures/2020/01/22/3-4-the-worsted-industry-in-the-west-riding/ 3.5. The Woollen Industry (Cloth) https://history.pictures/2020/01/22/3-5-the-woollen-industry-cloth/ 3.6. The Metal Industries in the West Midlands https://history.pictures/2020/01/23/3-6-the-metal-industries-in-the-west-midlands/

When trying to make useful generalizations about a group of persons with variable characteristics, one recommended step is to identify some “abnormal” sub-group, separate it from the rest of the group, and then analyse the data of the abnormal sub-group, and analyse the data of the majority. What we should not do is to take theSigue leyendo «2.5. Non-representative Regions and Industries»

Your author is not happy with the idea that to calculate “the change in living standards due to the Industrial Revolution”, one should start from 1770, or perhaps 1790. The Industrial Revolution, that is, new processes, new machines, production in factories, started in the cotton industry in Lancashire in around 1780. Even then, the growthSigue leyendo «2.4. Time Frame»